NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

Return value

Format of the format string

The flag characters

The field width

The precision

The length modifier

The conversion specifier

EXAMPLE

NOTES

CONFORMING TO

HISTORY

BUGS

SEE ALSO

NAME

SYNOPSIS

int printf(const char *format, ...);
int fprintf(FILE *stream, const char *format, ...);
int sprintf(char *str, const char *format, ...);
int snprintf(char *str, size_t size, const char *format, ...);

#include <stdarg.h>

int vprintf(const char *format, va_list ap);
int vfprintf(FILE *stream, const char *format, va_list ap);
int vsprintf(char *str, const char *format, va_list ap);
int vsnprintf(char *str, size_t size, const char *format, va_list ap);  

DESCRIPTION

The functions vprintf(), vfprintf(), vsprintf(), vsnprintf() are equivalent to the functions printf(), fprintf(), sprintf(), snprintf(), respectively, except that they are called with a va_list instead of a variable number of arguments. These functions do not call the va_end macro. Consequently, the value of ap is undefined after the call. The application should call va_end(ap) itself afterwards.

These eight functions write the output under the control of a format string that specifies how subsequent arguments (or arguments accessed via the variable-length argument facilities of stdarg(3)) are converted for output.

Return value

Format of the format string

The arguments must correspond properly (after type promotion) with the conversion specifier. By default, the arguments are used in the order given, where each `*' and each conversion specifier asks for the next argument (and it is an error if insufficiently many arguments are given). One can also specify explicitly which argument is taken, at each place where an argument is required, by writing `%m$' instead of `%' and `*m$' instead of `*', where the decimal integer m denotes the position in the argument list of the desired argument, indexed starting from 1. Thus,

        printf("%*d", width, num);

        printf("%2$*1$d", width, num);

For some numeric conversions a radix character (`decimal point') or thousands' grouping character is used. The actual character used depends on the LC_NUMERIC part of the locale. The POSIX locale uses `.' as radix character, and does not have a grouping character. Thus,

        printf("%'.2f", 1234567.89);

The flag characters

#

The value should be converted to an ``alternate form''. For o conversions, the first character of the output string is made zero (by prefixing a 0 if it was not zero already). For x and X conversions, a non-zero result has the string `0x' (or `0X' for X conversions) prepended to it. For a, A, e, E, f, F, g, and G conversions, the result will always contain a decimal point, even if no digits follow it (normally, a decimal point appears in the results of those conversions only if a digit follows). For g and G conversions, trailing zeros are not removed from the result as they would otherwise be. For other conversions, the result is undefined.

0

The value should be zero padded. For d, i, o, u, x, X, a, A, e, E, f, F, g, and G conversions, the converted value is padded on the left with zeros rather than blanks. If the 0 and - flags both appear, the 0 flag is ignored. If a precision is given with a numeric conversion (d, i, o, u, x, and X), the 0 flag is ignored. For other conversions, the behavior is undefined.

-

The converted value is to be left adjusted on the field boundary. (The default is right justification.) Except for n conversions, the converted value is padded on the right with blanks, rather than on the left with blanks or zeros. A - overrides a 0 if both are given.

' '

(a space) A blank should be left before a positive number (or empty string) produced by a signed conversion.

+

A sign (+ or -) should always be placed before a number produced by a signed conversion. By default a sign is used only for negative numbers. A + overrides a space if both are used.

The five flag characters above are defined in the C standard. The SUSv2 specifies one further flag character.

'

For decimal conversion (i, d, u, f, F, g, G) the output is to be grouped with thousands' grouping characters if the locale information indicates any. Note that many versions of gcc(1) cannot parse this option and will issue a warning. SUSv2 does not include %'F.

glibc 2.2 adds one further flag character.

I

For decimal integer conversion (i, d, u) the output uses the locale's alternative output digits, if any. For example, since glibc 2.2.3 this will give Arabic-Indic digits in the Persian (`fa_IR') locale.

The field width

The precision

The length modifier

hh

A following integer conversion corresponds to a signed char or unsigned char argument, or a following n conversion corresponds to a pointer to a signed char argument.

h

A following integer conversion corresponds to a short int or unsigned short int argument, or a following n conversion corresponds to a pointer to a short int argument.

l

(ell) A following integer conversion corresponds to a long int or unsigned long int argument, or a following n conversion corresponds to a pointer to a long int argument, or a following c conversion corresponds to a wint_t argument, or a following s conversion corresponds to a pointer to wchar_t argument.

ll

(ell-ell). A following integer conversion corresponds to a long long int or unsigned long long int argument, or a following n conversion corresponds to a pointer to a long long int argument.

L

A following a, A, e, E, f, F, g, or G conversion corresponds to a long double argument. (C99 allows %LF, but SUSv2 does not.)

q

(`quad'. 4.4BSD and Linux libc5 only. Don't use.) This is a synonym for ll.

j

A following integer conversion corresponds to an intmax_t or uintmax_t argument.

z

A following integer conversion corresponds to a size_t or ssize_t argument. (Linux libc5 has Z with this meaning. Don't use it.)

t

A following integer conversion corresponds to a ptrdiff_t argument.

The SUSv2 only knows about the length modifiers h (in hd, hi, ho, hx, hX, hn) and l (in ld, li, lo, lx, lX, ln, lc, ls) and L (in Le, LE, Lf, Lg, LG).

The conversion specifier

d,i

The int argument is converted to signed decimal notation. The precision, if any, gives the minimum number of digits that must appear; if the converted value requires fewer digits, it is padded on the left with zeros. The default precision is 1. When 0 is printed with an explicit precision 0, the output is empty.

o,u,x,X

The unsigned int argument is converted to unsigned octal (o), unsigned decimal (u), or unsigned hexadecimal (x and X) notation. The letters abcdef are used for x conversions; the letters ABCDEF are used for X conversions. The precision, if any, gives the minimum number of digits that must appear; if the converted value requires fewer digits, it is padded on the left with zeros. The default precision is 1. When 0 is printed with an explicit precision 0, the output is empty.

e,E

The double argument is rounded and converted in the style [-]d.ddde\*(Pmdd where there is one digit before the decimal-point character and the number of digits after it is equal to the precision; if the precision is missing, it is taken as 6; if the precision is zero, no decimal-point character appears. An E conversion uses the letter E (rather than e) to introduce the exponent. The exponent always contains at least two digits; if the value is zero, the exponent is 00.

f,F

The double argument is rounded and converted to decimal notation in the style [-]ddd.ddd, where the number of digits after the decimal-point character is equal to the precision specification. If the precision is missing, it is taken as 6; if the precision is explicitly zero, no decimal-point character appears. If a decimal point appears, at least one digit appears before it.

(The SUSv2 does not know about F and says that character string representations for infinity and NaN may be made available. The C99 standard specifies `[-]inf' or `[-]infinity' for infinity, and a string starting with `nan' for NaN, in the case of f conversion, and `[-]INF' or `[-]INFINITY' or `NAN*' in the case of F conversion.)

g,G

The double argument is converted in style f or e (or F or E for G conversions). The precision specifies the number of significant digits. If the precision is missing, 6 digits are given; if the precision is zero, it is treated as 1. Style e is used if the exponent from its conversion is less than -4 or greater than or equal to the precision. Trailing zeros are removed from the fractional part of the result; a decimal point appears only if it is followed by at least one digit.

a,A

(C99; not in SUSv2) For a conversion, the double argument is converted to hexadecimal notation (using the letters abcdef) in the style [-]0xh.hhhhp\*(Pmd; for A conversion the prefix 0X, the letters ABCDEF, and the exponent separator P is used. There is one hexadecimal digit before the decimal point, and the number of digits after it is equal to the precision. The default precision suffices for an exact representation of the value if an exact representation in base 2 exists and otherwise is sufficiently large to distinguish values of type double. The digit before the decimal point is unspecified for non-normalized numbers, and non-zero but otherwise unspecified for normalized numbers.

c

If no l modifier is present, the int argument is converted to an unsigned char, and the resulting character is written. If an l modifier is present, the wint_t (wide character) argument is converted to a multibyte sequence by a call to the wcrtomb() function, with a conversion state starting in the initial state, and the resulting multibyte string is written.

s

If no l modifier is present: The const char * argument is expected to be a pointer to an array of character type (pointer to a string). Characters from the array are written up to (but not including) a terminating null byte ('\0'); if a precision is specified, no more than the number specified are written. If a precision is given, no null byte need be present; if the precision is not specified, or is greater than the size of the array, the array must contain a terminating null byte.

If an l modifier is present: The const wchar_t * argument is expected to be a pointer to an array of wide characters. Wide characters from the array are converted to multibyte characters (each by a call to the wcrtomb() function, with a conversion state starting in the initial state before the first wide character), up to and including a terminating null wide character. The resulting multibyte characters are written up to (but not including) the terminating null byte. If a precision is specified, no more bytes than the number specified are written, but no partial multibyte characters are written. Note that the precision determines the number of bytes written, not the number of wide characters or screen positions. The array must contain a terminating null wide character, unless a precision is given and it is so small that the number of bytes written exceeds it before the end of the array is reached.

C

(Not in C99, but in SUSv2.) Synonym for lc. Don't use.

S

(Not in C99, but in SUSv2.) Synonym for ls. Don't use.

p

The void * pointer argument is printed in hexadecimal (as if by %#x or %#lx).

n

The number of characters written so far is stored into the integer indicated by the int * (or variant) pointer argument. No argument is converted.

m

(Glibc extension.) Print output of strerror(errno). No argument is required.

%

A `%' is written. No argument is converted. The complete conversion specification is `%%'.

EXAMPLE

#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
fprintf(stdout, "pi = %.5f\n", 4 * atan(1.0));

To print a date and time in the form `Sunday, July 3, 10:02', where weekday and month are pointers to strings:

#include <stdio.h>
fprintf(stdout, "%s, %s %d, %.2d:%.2d\n",
        weekday, month, day, hour, min);

Many countries use the day-month-year order. Hence, an internationalized version must be able to print the arguments in an order specified by the format:

#include <stdio.h>
fprintf(stdout, format,
        weekday, month, day, hour, min);

"%1$s, %3$d. %2$s, %4$d:%5$.2d\n"

To allocate a sufficiently large string and print into it (code correct for both glibc 2.0 and glibc 2.1):

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
char *
make_message(const char *fmt, ...) {
   /* Guess we need no more than 100 bytes. */
   int n, size = 100;
   char *p, *np;
   va_list ap;
   if ((p = malloc (size)) == NULL)
      return NULL;
   while (1) {
      /* Try to print in the allocated space. */
      va_start(ap, fmt);
      n = vsnprintf (p, size, fmt, ap);
      va_end(ap);
      /* If that worked, return the string. */
      if (n > -1 && n < size)
         return p;
      /* Else try again with more space. */
      if (n > -1)    /* glibc 2.1 */
         size = n+1; /* precisely what is needed */
      else           /* glibc 2.0 */
         size *= 2;  /* twice the old size */
      if ((np = realloc (p, size)) == NULL) {
         free(p);
         return NULL;
      } else {
         p = np;
      }
   }
}

NOTES

CONFORMING TO

Concerning the return value of snprintf(), SUSv2 and C99 contradict each other: when snprintf() is called with size=0 then SUSv2 stipulates an unspecified return value less than 1, while C99 allows str to be NULL in this case, and gives the return value (as always) as the number of characters that would have been written in case the output string has been large enough.

Linux libc4 knows about the five C standard flags. It knows about the length modifiers h,l,L, and the conversions cdeEfFgGinopsuxX, where F is a synonym for f. Additionally, it accepts D,O,U as synonyms for ld,lo,lu. (This is bad, and caused serious bugs later, when support for %D disappeared.) No locale-dependent radix character, no thousands' separator, no NaN or infinity, no %m$ and *m$.

Linux libc5 knows about the five C standard flags and the ' flag, locale, %m$ and *m$. It knows about the length modifiers h,l,L,Z,q, but accepts L and q both for long doubles and for long long integers (this is a bug). It no longer recognizes FDOU, but adds the conversion character m, which outputs strerror(errno).

glibc 2.0 adds conversion characters C and S.

glibc 2.1 adds length modifiers hh,j,t,z and conversion characters a,A.

glibc 2.2 adds the conversion character F with C99 semantics, and the flag character I.  

HISTORY

BUGS

Linux libc4.[45] does not have a snprintf(), but provides a libbsd that contains an snprintf() equivalent to sprintf(), i.e., one that ignores the size argument. Thus, the use of snprintf() with early libc4 leads to serious security problems.

Code such as printf(foo); often indicates a bug, since foo may contain a % character. If foo comes from untrusted user input, it may contain %n, causing the printf() call to write to memory and creating a security hole.

SEE ALSO